Biochar addition mitigates nitrogen loss induced by straw incorporation and nitrogen fertilizer application

Biochar has been shown to be potentially beneficial for enhancing yields and soil properties, and diminishing nitrogen (N) losses. However, it remains unclear how biochar regulates soil carbon (C) and N to mitigate N losses induced by straw mixing with N fertilizer in dryland soils. Therefore, we investigated the effects of straw mixing (S₁), S₁ with biochar (SB) and no straw inputs (S₀), and routine urea application rates (N₁) and 70% of routine rates (N_0.7) on yields and N losses, and identify the relationship between N losses and soil C and N compounds. Results showed that N_0.7 and N₁ were suitable for the maize and wheat seasons, respectively, contributing to mitigating N losses without reducing crop yields. Moreover, in the maize season, N_0.7-SB significantly mitigated the straw-induced NH₃-N and N₂O-N emissions by 106% and 81%, respectively. In the wheat season, N₁-SB reduced the straw-induced NH₃-N and N₂O-N emissions by 35% and 66%, respectively. In addition, N_0.7-SB sharply reduced soil inorganic N (SIN) storage in the maize season. Furthermore, the NH₃-N and N₂O-N emission rates were negatively correlated with dissolved organic carbon/SIN content (0–20 cm) (DOC/SIN_0-20). N losses (N₂O-N and NH₃-N emissions and SIN storage) were positively correlated with SIN_0-20, but negatively correlated with soil organic carbon / SIN_0-20 (SOC/ SIN_0-20). This study provides further evidence that biochar with an appropriate N application rate decreased SIN_0-20 and increased DOC/SIN_0-20, thus reducing SIN storage and the straw-induced gaseous N emissions without decreasing crop yields.     

我国小麦赤霉病发生与控制研究进展

小麦赤霉病是小麦的主要病害之一,由禾谷镰刀菌引起,近年来在我国发生逐渐加重,对小麦生产和食品安全构成严重威胁。对近年来小麦赤霉病在我国的发生情况、病原菌种类、品种抗性鉴定与开发、病害防控与流行预测等方面的研究进展进行综述,以期为小麦赤霉病的研究提供参考依据。     

不同光源对4种蔬菜幼苗叶绿素荧光及生理指标的影响

为了解不同光源或光源组合对茄子、辣椒、番茄、黄瓜幼苗叶绿素荧光及生理指标的影响,在4种基本光源的基础上,比较了不同光源处理下不同蔬菜植株叶片的叶绿素荧光参数、可溶性蛋白和可溶性糖含量。结果表明:红蓝光源不利于4种蔬菜幼苗叶片光合色素的形成,茄子、辣椒、番茄和黄瓜叶片中的光合色素含量分别在2白4红2黄、3白3红2黄、8黄或8红、8白光源下最高;茄子和番茄幼苗叶片在红蓝光源下,辣椒和黄瓜在3白3红2黄光源下,最大光化学效率和实际光化学效率都最大;茄子和辣椒幼苗在红蓝光源下所受非生物胁迫最小,叶片中可溶性蛋白含量最低,而番茄和黄瓜分别在3白3红2黄和8白光源下的可溶性蛋白含量最低;红蓝光源可明显增加4种蔬菜幼苗叶片的可溶性糖含量,对幼苗的形态建成有积极的影响。在冬春季蔬菜育苗生产中,可根据不同光源优势为不同种类蔬菜组配光源,以促进幼苗生长发育。     

桑植县茶产业现状及发展对策

通过对桑植县茶产业现状进行实地考察调研,剖析桑植县茶产业发展的优势与不足,提出桑植县茶产业发展的对策措施。     

火山岩和沸石填料BAF深度处理印染废水的效能比较

针对纺织印染行业水质不达标回用率低的问题,采用火山岩和沸石为填料的曝气生物滤池对纺织印染废水二级生化出水进行了深度处理,进行了两反应器出水效能的比较。研究表明:火山岩填料深度处理纺织印染废水的效能要高于沸石填料,建议气水比在10∶1左右,出水CODcr为36~48mg/L,出水色度35~55度,NH3-N浓度0.5~1.7mg/L,出水浊度范围0.9~3NTU。     

具多种时滞和反馈控制的n-种群竞争模型的周期解

研究更为广泛的同时具有变时滞、无穷时滞及反馈控制的n-种群竞争模型，以重合度理论和Lyapunov泛函为主要工具，得到了保证模型正周期解存在的充分性条件，所得结论推广了已有结果。     

贺兰山主要森林类型土壤和根系有机碳研究

土壤有机碳是陆地碳库的重要组成部分,其形成常和植被、气候等环境要素相关。为了解贺兰山地区土壤有机碳状况,2011年对贺兰山东麓青海云杉(Picea crassfolia)、油松(Pinus tabulaeformis)和灰榆(Ulmus glaucescens)林下土壤和根系取样,测定了各自的有机碳含量。结果表明:青海云杉、油松和灰榆林林下土壤平均有机碳含量分别为34.12g/kg、17.83g/kg和15.32g/kg,林下根系有机碳密度分别为869.12g/m2、532.17g/m2和242.68g/m2,林下土体(土壤和根系)有机碳密度分别为17.58kg/m2、9.55kg/m2和4.00kg/m2;林下根系有机碳占林下土体有机碳的比重为4.94%～6.0%。贺兰山青海云杉林下土壤碳储量高于全国森林土壤碳储量平均水平,油松林下碳储量略低于全国森林土壤碳储量平均水平,灰榆林碳储量仅为全国森林土壤碳储量平均水平的36.7%。青海云杉和油松林利于土壤有机碳累积,其林下土壤是贺兰山地区重要的有机碳库。